![]() For the R-based method, the quality of the atmospheric profiles was assessed through the difference δ(T 31–T 32) between the actual MODIS and the profile-based calculated brightness temperature difference in bands 31 and 32. The T-based validation showed average bias (MODIS minus ground) of −0.3 K, standard deviation of 0.6 K and root mean square error (RMSE) of ☐.7 K. The R-based method was applied at the Hainich site using radiosonde profiles from a nearby sounding station and NCEP profiles. At the Valencia site, profiles were obtained from local radiosonde measurements and from National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) data. We also applied the alternative radiance-based (R-based) method, with in situ LSTs calculated from brightness temperatures in band 31 through radiative transfer simulations using temperature and water vapor profiles and surface emissivity data. For the Valencia site, ground LST measurements were compared with the MOD11_L2 product in the conventional temperature-based (T-based) method. The V5 level 2 land surface temperature (LST) product of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) was validated over homogeneous rice fields in Valencia, Spain, and the Hainich forest in Germany. ![]()
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